|
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
|
||||
|
|
||||
|
||||
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
Symposium Childhood Brian Tumors |
Division of Human Genetics and Molecular Biology, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia and the Department of Pediatrics, University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104
2 Address correspondence and reprint requests to Jaclyn Biegel, Ph.D., Room 1002 Abramson Research Center, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, 3516 Civic Center Boulevard, Philadelphia, PA 19104.
Abstract
Considerable progress has been made toward improving survival for children with brain tumors, and yet there is still relatively little known regarding the molecular genetic events that contribute to tumor initiation or progression. Nonrandom patterns of chromosomal deletions in several types of childhood brain tumors suggest that the loss or inactivation of tumor suppressor genes are critical events in tumorigenesis. Deletions of chromosomal regions 10q, 11 and 17p, for example, are frequent events in medulloblastoma, whereas loss of a region within 22q11.2, which contains the INI1 gene, is involved in the development of atypical teratoid and rhabdoid tumors. A review of the cytogenetic and molecular genetic changes identi-fied to date in childhood brain tumors will be presented.
References
Aguzzi, A., Weber, T., and Paulus, W. (1997) Choroid plexus tumours. In: Kleihues, P., and Cavenee, W.K., (Eds.), Pathology and Genetics: Tumours of the Nervous System. Lyon, France: International Agency for Research on Cancer. pp.58 -61.
Ashby, L.S., Coons, S.W., Scheck, A.C., Sinnott, H.A., Shapiro, W.R., and Shapiro, J.R. (1999) Cytogenetic abnormalities in juvenile pilocytic astrocytomas (JPA) and patient prognosis. Neuro-Oncology 1 (Abstract Issue 1), S3. (Abstract)[CrossRef]
Batra, S.K., McLendon, R.E., Koo, J.S., Castelino-Prabhu, S., Fuchs, H.E., Krischer, J.P., Friedman, H.S., Bigner, D.D., and Bigner, S.H. (1995) Prognostic implications of chromosome 17p deletions in human medulloblastomas. J. Neurooncol. 24, 39-45.[CrossRef][Medline]
Bergsagel, D.J., Finegold, M.J., Butel, J.S., Kupsky, W.J., and Garcea, R.L. (1992) DNA sequences similar to those of simian virus 40 in ependymomas and choroid plexus tumors of childhood. N. Engl. J. Med. 326,988 -993.[Abstract]
Bhattacharjee, M.B., Armstrong, D.D., Vogel, H., and Cooley, L.D. (1997) Cytogenetic analysis of 120 primary pediatric brain tumors and literature review. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 97, 39-53.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Biegel, J.A., Zhou, J.-Y., Rorke, L.B., Stenstrom, C., Wainwright,
L.M., and Fogelgren, B. (1999) Germline and acquired mutations in
the INI1 gene in atypical teratoid and rhabdoid tumors. Cancer
Res. 59,74
-79.
Biegel, J.A., Rorke, L.B., Packer, R.J., Sutton, L.N., Schut, L., Bonner, K., and Emanuel, B.S. (1989) Isochromosome 17q in primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 1, 139-147.[Web of Science][Medline]
Biegel, J.A., Rorke, L.B., Packer, R.J., and Emanuel, B.S. (1990) Monosomy 22 in rhabdoid or atypical tumors of the brain. J. Neurosurg. 73,710 -714.[Web of Science][Medline]
Biegel, J.A., Burk, C.D., Barr, F.G., and Emanuel, B.S.
(1992) Evidence for a 17p tumor related locus distinct from p53
in pediatric primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer
Res. 52,3391
-3395.
Biegel, J.A., Rorke, L.B., Janss, A.J., Sutton, L.N., and Parmiter, A.H. (1995) Isochromosome 17q demonstrated by interphase fluorescence in situ hydridization in primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 14, 85-96.[Web of Science][Medline]
Biegel, J.A., Allen, C.S., Kawasaki, K., Shimizu, N., Budarf, M.L., and Bell, C.J.(1996) Narrowing the critical region for a rhabdoid tumor locus in 22q11. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 16, 94-105.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Biegel, J.A., Janss, A.J., Raffel, C., Sutton, L., Rorke, L.B., Harper, J.M., and Phillips, P.C. (1997) Prognostic significance of chromosome 17p deletions in childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors (medulloblastomas) of the central nervous system. Clin. Cancer Res. 3,473 -478.[Abstract]
Bigner, S.H., Mark, J., Friedman, H.S., Biegel, J.A., and Bigner, D.D. (1988a) Structural chromosomal abnormalities in human medulloblastoma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 30, 91-101.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Bigner, S.H., Mark, J., Burger, P.C., Mahaley, M.S., Jr., Bullard,
D.E., Muhlbaier, L.H., and Bigner, D.D. (1988b) Specific
chromosomal abnormalities in malignant human gliomas. Cancer
Res. 48,405
-411.
Bigner, S.H., McLendon, R.E., Fuchs, H., McKeever, P.E., and Friedman, H.S. (1997) Chromosomal characteristics of childhood brain tumors. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 97,125 -134.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Bredel, M., Pollack, I.F., Campbell, J.W., and Hamilton, R.L. (1997) Basicfibroblast growth factor expression as a predictor of prognosis in pediatric high-grade gliomas. Clin. Cancer Res. 3,2157 -2164.[Abstract]
Burger, P.C., Yu, I.T., Tihan, T., Friedman, H.S., Strother, D.R., Kepner, J.L., Duffner, P.K., Kun, L.E., and Perlman, E.J. (1998) Atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumor of the central nervous system: A highly malignant tumor of infancy and childhood frequently mistaken for medulloblastoma. Am. J. Surg. Pathol. 22,1083 -1092.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Burnett, M.E., White, E.C., Sih, S., von Haken, M.S., and Cogen, P.H. (1997) Chromosome arm 17p deletion analysis reveals molecular genetic heterogeneity in supratentorial and infratentorial primitive neuroectodermal tumors of the central nervous system. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 97,25 -31.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Chiappa, S., Zurawel, R., Allen, C., and Raffel, C. (1999) The PTC/SMO/SHH pathway in PNET. Neuro-Oncology 1 (Abstract Issue 1), S8. (Abstract)
Cogen, P.H., and McDonald, J.D. (1996) Tumor suppressor genes and medulloblastoma. J. Neurooncol. 29,103 -112.[CrossRef][Medline]
de Bruin, T.W.A., Slater, R.M., Defferrari, R., Geurts van Kessel,
A., Suijkerbuijk, R.F., Jansen, G., de Jong, B., and Oosterhuis, J.W.
(1994) Isochromosome 12p-positive pineal germ cell tumor.
Cancer Res. 54,1542
-1544.
Dingwall, A.K., Beek, S.J., McCallum, C.M., Tamkun, J.W., Kalpana, G.V., Goff, S.P., and Scott, M.P. (1995) The Drosophila snr1 and brm proteins are related to yeast SWI/SNF proteins and are components of a large protein complex. Mol. Biol. Cell 6, 777-791.[Abstract]
Donovan, M.J, Yunis, E.J., DeGirolami, U., Fletcher, J.A., and Schofield, D.E. (1994) Chromosome aberrations in choroid plexus papillomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 11,267 -270.[Web of Science][Medline]
Emadian, S.M., McDonald, J.D., Gerken, S.C., and Fults, D. (1996) Correlation of chromosome 17p loss with clinical outcome in medulloblastoma. Clin. Cancer Res. 2,1559 -1564.[Abstract]
Felix, C.A., Slavc, I., Dunn, M., Strauss, E.A., Phillips, P.C., Rorke, L.B., Sutton, L., Bunin, G.R., and Biegel, J.A. (1995) p53 gene mutations in pediatric brain tumors. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 25,431 -436.[Web of Science][Medline]
Fink, K.L., Rushing, E.J., Schold, S.C., Jr., and Nisen, P.D. (1996) Infrequency of p53 gene mutations in ependymomas. J. Neurooncol. 27,111 -115.[Medline]
Griffin, C.A., Hawkins, A.L., Packer, R.J., Rorke, L.B., and
Emanuel, B.S. (1988) Chromosome abnormalities in pediatric brain
tumors. Cancer Res. 48,175
-180.
Hahn, H., Wicking, C., Zaphiropoulous, P.G., Gailani, M.R., Shanley, S., Chidambaram, A., Vorechovsky, I., Holmberg, E., Unden, A.B., Gillies, S., Negus, K., Smyth, I., Pressman, C., Leffell, D.J., Gerrard, B., Goldstein, A.M., Dean, M., Toftgard, R., Cnenevix-Trench, G., Wainwright, B., and Bale, A.E. (1996) Mutations of the human homolog of Drosophila patched in the nevoid basal cell carcinoma syndrome. Cell 85,841 -851.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Hamilton, R.L., and Pollack, I.F. (1997) The molecular biology of ependymomas. Brain Pathol. 7, 807-822.[Web of Science][Medline]
Hamilton, S.R., Liu, B., Parsons, R.E., Papadopoulos, N., Jen, J.,
Powell, S.M., Krush, A.J., Berk, T., Cohen, Z., Tetu, B., Burger, P.C., Wood,
P.A., Tagi, F., Booker, S.V., Petersen, G.M., Offerhaus, J.A., Tersmette,
A.C., Giardiello, F.M., Vogelstein, B., and Kinzler, K.W. (1995)
The molecular basis of Turcot's syndrome. N. Engl. J.
Med. 332,839
-847.
Jenkins, R.B., Kimmel, D.W., Moertel, C.A., Schultz, C.G., Scheithauer, B.W., Kelly, P.J., and Dewarld, G.W. (1989) A cytogenetic study of 53 human gliomas. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 39,253 -279.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Johnson, R.L., Rothman, A.L., Xie, J., Goodrich, L.V., Bare, J.W., Bonifas, J.M., Quinn, A.G., Myers, R.M., Cox, D.R., Epstein, E.H., Jr., and Scott, M.P. (1996) Human homolog of patched, a candidate gene for the basal cell nevus syndrome. Science 272,1668 -1671.[Abstract]
Kallioniemi, A., Kallioniemi, O.P., Sudar, D., Rutovitz, D., Gray,
J.W., Waldman, F., and Pinkel, D. (1992) Comparative genomic
hybridization for molecular genetic analysis of solid tumors.
Science 258,818
-821.
Kalpana, G.V., Marmon, S., Wang, W., Crabtree, G.R., and Goff, S.P.
(1994) Binding and stimulation of HIV-1 integrase by a human
homolog of yeast transcription factor SNF5. Science
266,2002
-2006.
Kees, U.R., Biegel, J.A., Ford, J., Ranford, P.R., Peroni, S.E., Hallam, L.A., Parmiter, A.H., Willoughly, M.L., and Spagnolo, D. (1994) Enhanced MYCN expression and isochromosome 17q in pineoblastoma cell lines. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 9, 129-135.[Web of Science][Medline]
Kramer, D.L, Parmiter, A.H., Rorke, L.B., Sutton, L.N., and Biegel, J.A. (1998) Molecular cytogenetic studies of pediatric ependymomas. J. Neurooncol. 37, 25-33.[CrossRef][Medline]
Li, J., Yen, C., Liaw, D., Podsypanina, K., Bose, S., Wang, S.I.,
Puc, J., Miliaresis, C., Rodgers, L., McCombie, R., Bigner, S.H., Giovanella,
B.C., Ittmann, M., Tycko, B., Hibshoosh, H., Wigler, M.H., and Parsons, R.
(1997) PTEN, a putative protein tyrosine phosphatase gene mutated
in human brain, breast, and prostate cancer. Science
275,1943
-1947.
Louis, D.N. (1997) A molecular genetic model of astrocytoma histopathology. Brain Pathol. 7, 755-764.[Web of Science][Medline]
McLendon, R.E., Fung, K.-M., Bentley, R.C., Rasheed, B.K.A., Trojanowski, J.Q., Bigner, S.H., Bigner, D.D., and Friedman, H.S. (1996) Production and characterization of two ependymoma xenografts. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 55,540 -548.[Web of Science][Medline]
Metzger, A.K., Sheffield, V.C., Duyk, G., Daneshvar, L., Edwards,
M.S., and Cogen, P.H. (1991) Identification of a germ-line
mutation in the p53 gene in a patient with an intracranial ependymoma.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
88,7825
-7829.
Mollenhauer, J., Wiemann, S., Scheurlen, W., Korn, B., Hayashi, Y., Wilgenbus, K.K., von Deimling, A., and Poustka, A. (1997) DMBT1, a new member of the SRCR superfamily, on chromosome 10q25.3-26.1 is deleted in malignant brain tumours. Nat. Genet. 17, 32-39.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Mori, T., Nagase, H., Horii, A., Miyoshi, Y., Shimano, T., Nakatsuru, S., Aoki, T., Arakawa H., Yanagisawa, A., Ushio Y., Takano, S., Ogawa, M., Nakamura, M., Shibuya, M., Nishikawa, R., Matsutani, M., Hayashi, Y., Takahashi, H., Ikuta, F., Nishihua, T., Mori, S., and Nakamwa, Y. (1994) Germline and somatic mutations of the APC gene in patients with Turcot-syndrome and analysis of APC mutations in brain tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 9, 168-172.[Web of Science][Medline]
Moscatello, D.K., Holgado-Madruga, M., Godwin, A.K., Ramirez, G.,
Gunn, G., Zoltick, P.W., Biegel, J.A., Hayes, R.L., and Wong, A.J.
(1995) Frequent expression of a mutant epidermal growth factor
receptor in multiple human tumors. Cancer Res.
55,5536
-5539.
Neumann, E., Kalousek, D.K., Norman, M.G., Steinbok, P., Cochrane, D.D., and Goddard, K. (1993) Cytogenetic analysis of 109 pediatric central nervous system tumors. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 71,40 -49.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Park, J.P., Chaffee, S., Noll, W.W., and Rhodes, C.H. (1996) Constitutional de novo t(1;22)(p22;q11.2) and ependymoma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 86,150 -152.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Pollack, I.F., Gerszten, P.C., Martinez, A.J., Lo, K.H., Shultz, B., Albright, A.L., Janosky, J., and Deutsch, M. (1995) Intracranial ependymomas of childhood: Long-term outcome and prognostic factors. Neurosurg. 37,655 -666.
Pollack, I.F., Hamilton, R.L., Finkelstein, S.D., Campbell, J.W.,
Martinez, A.J., Sherwin, R.N., Bozik, M.E., and Gollin, S.M.
(1997) The relationship between TP53 mutations and
overexpression of p53 and prognosis in malignant gliomas of childhood.
Cancer Res. 57,304
-309.
Pomeroy, S.L., Kim, J.Y.H., Sutton, M.E., Segal, R.A., Goritchenki, L., Kaufman, J.R., Goumnerova, L.C., and Stiles, C.D. (1999) Activation of TrkC promotes medulloblastoma apoptosis. Neuro-Oncology 1 (Abstract Issue 1), S47. (Abstract)
Punnett, H.H., Tomczak, E.Z., de Chadarevian, J.P., and Kanev, P.M. (1994) Cytogenetic analysis of a choroid plexus papilloma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 10,282 -285.[Web of Science][Medline]
Raffel, C., Thomas, G.A., Tishler, D.M., Lassoff, S., and Allen, J.C. (1993) Absence of p53 mutations in childhood central nervous system primitive neuroectodermal tumors. Neurosurgery 33,301 -306.[Web of Science][Medline]
Raffel, C., Jenkins, R.B., Frederick, L., Hebrink, D., Alderete,
B., Fults, D.W., and James, C.D. (1997) Sporadic medulloblastomas
contain PTC mutations. Cancer Res.
57,842
-845.
Reardon, D.A., Michalkiewicz, E., Boyett, J.M., Sublett, J.E.,
Entrekin, R.E., Ragsdale, S.T., Valentine, M.B., Behm, F.G., Li, H., Heideman,
R.L., Kun, L.E., Shapiro, D.N., and Look, A.T. (1997) Extensive
genomic abnormalities in childhood medulloblastoma by comparative genomic
hybridization. Cancer Res.
57,4042
-4047.
Reardon, D.A., Entrekin, R.E., Sublett, J., Ragsdale, S., Li, H., Boycott, J., Kepner, J.L., and Look, A.T. (1999) Chromosome arm 6q loss is the most common recurrent autosomal alteration detected in primary pediatric ependymoma. Genes Chromosomes Cancer, in press.
Rhodes, C.H., Call, K.M., Budarf, M.L., Barnoski, B.L., Bell, C.J., Emanuel, B.S., Bigner, S.H., Park, J.P., and Mohandas, T.K. (1997) Molecular studies of an ependymoma-associated constitutional t(1;22)(p22;q11.2). Cytogenet. Cell Genet. 78,247 -252.[Web of Science][Medline]
Rogatto, S.R., Casartelli, C., Rainho, C.A., and Barbieri-Neto, J. (1993) Chromosomes in the genesis and progression of ependymomas. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 69,146 -152.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Rorke, L.B., Packer, R.J., and Biegel, J.A. (1996) Central nervous system atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of infancy and childhood: Definition of an entity. J. Neurosurg. 85, 56-65.[Web of Science][Medline]
Rosenbloom, M.K., and Ng, H.K. (1997) Germ cell tumours. In: Kleihues, P., and Cavenee, W.K. (Eds.), Pathology and Genetics of Tumours of the Nervous System. Lyon, France: InternationalAgency for Research on Cancer. pp.164 -169.
Rostomily, R.C., Bermingham-McDonogh, O., Berger, M.S., Tapscott,
S.J., Reh, T.A., and Olson, J.M. (1997) Expression of neurogenic
basic helix-loop-helix genes in primitive neuroectodermal tumors.
Cancer Res. 57,3526
-3531.
Rozenblatt-Rosen, O., Rozovskaia, T., Burakov, D., Sedkov, Y.,
Tillib, S., Blechman, J., Nakamura, T., Croce, C.M., Mazo, A., and Canaani, E.
(1998) The C-terminal SET domains of ALL-1 and TRITHORAX interact
with the INI1 and SNR1 proteins, components of the SWI/SNF complex.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
95,4152
-4157.
Rubio, M.P., Correa, K.M., Ramesh, V., MacCollin, M.M., Jacoby,
L.B., von Deimling, A., Gusella, J.F., and Louis, D.N. (1994)
Analysis of the neurofibromatosis 2 gene in human ependymomas and
astrocytomas. Cancer Res.
54, 45-57.
Ruttledge, M.H., Sarrazin, J., Rangaratnam, S., Phelan, C.M., Twist, E., Merel, P., Delattre, O., Thomas, G., Nordenskjold, M., Collins, V.P., Dumanski, J.P., and Rouleau, G.A. (1994) Evidence of the complete inactivation of the NF2 gene in the majority of sporadic meningiomas. Nat. Genet. 6,180 -184.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Saylors, R.L., III, Sidransky, D., Friedman, H.S., Bigner, S.H.,
Bigner, D.D., Vogelstein, B., and Brodeur, G.M. (1991) Infrequent
p53 gene mutations in medulloblastomas. Cancer Res.
51,4721
-4723.
Scheurlen, W.G., Schwabe, G.C., Joos, S., Mollenhauer, J., Sorensen, N., and Kuhl, J. (1998) Molecular analysis of childhood primitive neuroectodermal tumors defines markers associated with poor outcome. J. Clin. Oncol. 16,2478 -2485.[Abstract]
Schmidt, E.E., Ichimura, K., Reifenberger, G., and Collins, V.P.
(1994) CDKN2 (p16/MTS1) gene deletions or CDK4 amplification
occurs in the majority of glioblastomas. Cancer Res.
54,6321
-6324.
Schnitzler, G., Sif, S., and Kingston, R.E. (1998) Human SWI/SNF interconverts a nucleosome between its base state and a stable remodeled state. Cell 94, 17-27.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Schofield, D.E., Beckwith, J.B., and Sklar, J. (1996) Loss of heterozygosity at chromosome regions 22q11-12 and 11p15.5 in renal rhabdoid tumors. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 15, 10-17.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Schrock, E., Blume, C., Meffert, M.C., du Manoir, S., Bersch, W., Kiessling, M., Lozanowa, T., Thirl, G., Witkowski, R., Ried, T., and Cremes, T. (1996) Recurrent gain of chromosome arm 7q in low-grade astrocytic tumors studied by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 15,199 -205.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Schutz, B.R., Schwabe, G.C., Joos, S., Mollenhauer, J., Sorensen, N., and Kuhl, J. (1996) Mapping of chromosomal gains and losses in primitive neuroectodermal tumors by comparative genomic hybridization. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 16,196 -203.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Segal, R.A, Goumnerova, L.C., Kwon, Y.K., Stiles, C.D., and
Pomeroy, S.L. (1994) Expression of the neurotrophin receptor
TrkC is linked to a favorable outcome in medulloblastoma.
Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA
91,12867
-12871.
Shen, V., Chaparro, M., Choi, B.H., Young, R., and Bernstein, R. (1990) Absence of isochromosome 12p in a pineal region malignant germ cell tumor. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 50,153 -160.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Slavc, I., MacCollin, M.M., Duns, M., Jones, S., Sutton, L., Gusella, J.F., and Biegel, J.A. (1995) Exon scanning for mutations of the NF2 gene in pediatric ependymomas, rhabdoid tumors and meningiomas. Int. J. Cancer 64,243 -247.[Web of Science][Medline]
Sreekantaiah, C., Jockin, H., Brecher, M.L., and Sandberg, A.A. (1989) Interstitial deletion of chromosome 11q in a pineoblastoma. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet. 39,125 -131.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Steck, P.A., Pershouse, M.A., Jasser, S.A., Yung, W.K., Lin, H., Ligon, A.H., Langford, L.A., Baumgard, M.L., Hattier, T., Davis, T., Frye, C., Hu, R., Swedlund, B., Teng, D.H., and Tavtigian, S.V. (1997) Identification of a candidate tumour suppressor gene, MMAC1, at chromosome 10q23.3 that is mutated in multiple advanced cancers. Nat. Genet. 15,356 -362.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Steichen-Gersdorf, E., Trawoger, R., Duba, H.C., Mayr, U., Felber, S., and Utermann, G. (1993) Hypomelanosis of Ito in a girl with plexus papilloma and translocation (X;17). Hum. Genet. 90,611 -613.[Web of Science][Medline]
Sutton, L.N., Goldwein, J., Perilongo, G., Lang, B., Schut, L., Rorke, L., and Packer, R. (1990–1991) Prognostic factors in childhood ependymomas. Pediatr. Neurosurg. 16, 57-65.[Web of Science][Medline]
Thomas, G.A., and Raffel, C. (1991) Loss of
heterozygosity on 6q, 16q, and 17p in human central nervous system primitive
neuroectodermal tumors. Cancer Res.
51,639
-643.
Vagner-Capodano, A.M., Gentet, J.C., Choux, M., Lena, G., Garbarelli, D., Bernard, J.L., and Bayaud, C. (1988) Chromosome abnormalities in sixteen pediatric brain tumors. Pediatr. Neurosci. 14,159 -160. (Abstract)
Versteege, I., Sevenet, N., Lange, J., Rousseau-Merck, M.F., Ambros, P., Handgretinger, R., Aurias, A., and Delattre, O. (1998) Truncating mutations of hSNF5/INI1 in aggressive paediatric cancer. Nature 394,203 -206.[CrossRef][Medline]
von Haken, M.S., White, E.C., Daneshvar-Shyesther, L., Sih, S., Choi, E., Kalra, R., and Cogen, P.H. (1996) Molecular genetic analysis of chromosome arm 17p and chromosome arm 22q DNA sequences in sporadic pediatric ependymomas. Genes Chromosomes Cancer 17,37 -44.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Wang, W., Xue, Y., Zhou, S., Kuo, A., Cairns, B.R., and Crabtree,
G.R. (1996) Diversity and specialization of mammalian SWI/SNF
complexes. Genes Dev.
10,2117
-2130.
Warr, T.J., Ward, S.J., Darling, J.L., and Thomas, D.G.T. (1999) Common regions of genetic loss and gain identified by CGH in paediatric malignant astrocytoma. Neurooncology 1 (Abstract Issue 1),S62 . (Abstract)
White, F.V., Anthony, D.C., Yunis, E.J., Tarbell, N.J., Scott, R.M., and Schofield, D.E. (1995) Nonrandom chromosomal gains in pilocytic astrocytomas of childhood. Hum. Pathol. 26,979 -986.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Wilgenbus, K.K, Seranski, P., Brown, A., Leuchs, B., Mincheva, A., Lichter, P., and Poustka, A. (1997) Molecular characterization of a genetically unstable region containing the SMS critical area and a breakpoint cluster for human PNETs. Genomics 42, 1-10.[CrossRef][Web of Science][Medline]
Yu, I.T., Griffin, C.A., Phillips, P.C., Strauss, L.C., and Perlman, E.J. (1995) Numerical sex chromosomal abnormalities in pineal teratomas by cytogenetic analysis and fluorescence in situ hybridization. Lab. Invest. 72,419 -423.[Web of Science][Medline]
Zurawel, R.H., Chiappa, S.A., Allen, C., and Raffel, C.
(1998) Sporadic medulloblastomas contain oncogenic ß-catenin
mutations. Cancer Res.
58,896
-899.
CiteULike 
Connotea 
Del.icio.us 
Digg 
Reddit 
Technorati What's this?
This article has been cited by other articles:
|
|
 |
|
  M. L. Garre, A. Cama, F. Bagnasco, G. Morana, F. Giangaspero, M. Brisigotti, C. Gambini, M. Forni, A. Rossi, R. Haupt, et al. Medulloblastoma Variants: Age-Dependent Occurrence and Relation to Gorlin Syndrome--A New Clinical Perspective Clin. Cancer Res., April 1, 2009; 15(7): 2463 - 2471. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 S.P. Meyers, Z.P. Khademian, J.A. Biegel, S.H. Chuang, D.N. Korones, and R.A. Zimmerman Primary intracranial atypical teratoid/rhabdoid tumors of infancy and childhood: MRI features and patient outcomes. AJNR Am. J. Neuroradiol., May 1, 2006; 27(5): 962 - 971. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 J. M. Hilden, S. Meerbaum, P. Burger, J. Finlay, A. Janss, B. W. Scheithauer, A. W. Walter, L. B. Rorke, and J. A. Biegel Central Nervous System Atypical Teratoid/Rhabdoid Tumor: Results of Therapy in Children Enrolled in a Registry J. Clin. Oncol., July 15, 2004; 22(14): 2877 - 2884. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
 |
|
 T. J. MacDonald, B. R. Rood, M. R. Santi, G. Vezina, K. Bingaman, P. H. Cogen, and R. J. Packer Advances in the Diagnosis, Molecular Genetics, and Treatment of Pediatric Embryonal CNS Tumors Oncologist, April 1, 2003; 8(2): 174 - 186. [Abstract] [Full Text] [PDF]
|
|
|
|
|
|
J. A. Biegel, B. Fogelgren, J.-Y. Zhou, C. D. James, A. J. Janss, J. C. Allen, D. Zagzag, C. Raffel, and L. B. Rorke Mutations of the INI1 Rhabdoid Tumor Suppressor Gene in Medulloblastomas and Primitive Neuroectodermal Tumors of the Central Nervous System Clin. Cancer Res., July 1, 2000; 6(7): 2759 - 2763. [Abstract] [Full Text]
|
|
| ||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||||
|
|
